Option Parameters

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Black-Scholes Model

The Black-Scholes model, developed by Fischer Black, Myron Scholes, and Robert Merton, provides a mathematical framework for pricing European options. The model assumes:

  • Constant volatility and risk-free rate
  • No dividends (extended here to include continuous dividends)
  • European exercise (only at expiration)
  • No transaction costs
  • Log-normal distribution of stock prices

Call Option Formula:

C = S × e-qT × N(d₁) - K × e-rT × N(d₂)

d₁ = [ln(S/K) + (r - q + σ²/2)T] / (σ√T)

d₂ = d₁ - σ√T